Tulving

Here is a link to a website about psychologist Endel Tulving:

Tulving website

The site & short video clip mostly talks about the difference between encoding and retrieval. Tulving is also known as one of the researchers who distinguished between episodic and semantic LTM (Tulving, 1972).

You may remember the study by Craik and Tulving (1975) which shows that a word (e.g. 'pig') is better encoded to LTM if you ask a meaningful question about it (e.g. is it a kind of animal?) rather than focussing on sound or appearance (e.g. does it rhyme with 'fig'?).

He also developed the encoding specificity principle, which states that cues to memory need to have some connection to the context in which something is learned. Recognition is usually easier than free recall, but can be harder when things are out of context (e.g. seeing your neighbour at a nightclub in Ibiza).